I Dont Hknow - 1266 Words

Question 1 Which is TRUE about infertility? Assisted reproductive technology includes all fertility treatments in which both egg and sperm are handled. Question 2 Population statistics reflect two important trends. These are: fertility rate; mortality rate Question 3 The number of children born per 1,000 women aged 15-44 is called the: general fertility rate. Question 4 Developed nations such as the United States, Canada, or in Western Europe tend to have __________fertility rates and __________ mortality rates. low; low Question 5 Sophie just had a baby, and her government ensures that she has 16 weeks of paid maternity leave, with 3 additional years of unpaid leave if she wants it. Her husband also has 11 days of paid†¦show more content†¦Question 15 A cultural value that encourages childbearing is called: pronatalism. Question 16 With respect to couples who are voluntarily childfree: childfree couples usually experience their decision as a process that is revisited several times. Question 17 Every time you and your spouse go to see your Grandma, she starts up again with â€Å"When are you two going to have children? What are you waiting for? Don’t you know how great it is to be parents?† This is an example of: pronatalism. Question 18 Which of the following is TRUE about childbirth? C-sections are the most common form of surgery in the United States. Question 19 People today find the transition to parenthood: surprisingly difficult. Question 20 According to the USDA, the largest category of cost associated with raising children is:. housing Question 21 Ruth is experiencing infertility, which is defined as: the inability to get pregnant after one year of trying. Question 22 Monika cannot carry a fetus to term; therefore, her egg was mixed with her husband’s sperm and implanted into a surrogate to carry to term. This is called: gestational surrogacy. Question 23 Jan is concerned about the opportunity costs associated with raising children. Opportunity costs include: part-time work Question 24 Which group has the highest fertility rate today? Hispanics Question 25 The world’s population is about

A Survey On Various Platforms For Sanskrit And Part Of...

A survey on various platforms for Sanskrit and Part-Of-Speech Tagging Methods Sulabh Bhatt, Parmar Krunal Department Of Computer Science, Gujarat University Ahmedabad, India sulabhbhatt@gmail.com parmar.krunal005@gmail.com Abstract - In this paper we present a Natural language processing for Sanskrit using Different approaches. Sanskrit is a oldest and considered as the mother of all languages. The Sanskrit, the world s ancient language has got a wealthy grammar. The Sanskrit grammar text Ashtadhyayi is written by Panini (an Indian Sage). Sanskrit is a well suitable language for providing an advanced artificial intelligence for Computers. Part of Speech (POS) Tagging is the first step in the development of any NLP Application. A POS Tagger (POST) is a piece of software that reads text in some language and assigns parts of speech to each word (and other token), such as noun, verb, adjective, etc. Keywords - NLP for Sanskrit, Tagset, POS Tagging, HMM, CRF I. INTRODUCTION Natural language processing: Natural language is the embodiment of human cognition and human intelligence. Natural language processing (NLP) is a cross disciplinary field in computer science and linguistics where a computer can generate and understand human speech. It is the ability of a computer program to understand human speech as it is spoken. NLP is a component of artificial intelligence (AI).The development of NLP applications is challenging because computers traditionally require humans to â€Å"speak†

Employment Free Essays

A Zero Wage Increase Again? Montclair State University Summary The owner of large furniture and building center, Mark Coglin was trying to figure out how to manage the next upcoming wage review process. For two consecutive years, his store’s staff has had to settle with a zero wage increase. Mark knows that if his staff were to settle for a third year without a raise, moral issues amongst his employee’s would arise leading to an exponential growth of problems; aside from the ones he already faces from a day to day basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Employment or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was impossible to pump savings from upcoming process improvement initiatives into wage increases; however Mark had limited motivation to channel hard-won funds to underperforming employees. With the zero wage increase it was becoming difficult to motivate employees to show up to work, yet be productive while on the job. Mark is facing many issues such as an increase in absenteeism and lack of productivity amongst his staff. On the other hand, Mark was eager to reward the people who worked hard around his store. But to come up with a plan that rewarded only some employees could result in an angry backlash. He had to decide if he wanted to divert the savings into compensation and if so, he needed an effective distribution plan. Mark was aware that some of his employees were putting forth an extra effort on the job, while others simply were not. Could this have been an issue caused by the zero wage increase which leads to the lack of acknowledgement by management in their employees; which in turn lead to a decrease in employee’s morale? Employee’s like Dougie are calling out â€Å"sick† when they are obviously not, as the manager explained â€Å"[employees] come in on the Tuesday talking about the great road trip they had. † Mark believes that the company would save money if about 15 percent of his employee’s; those who were unreliable, dishonest, and incompetent or always in the middle of the latest work drama like Dougie would just leave. At the same time there are those employee’s who have not received a raise but maintain high levels of productivity. Employees such as Simon, a floor manager, have captured the attention of Mark as one the employee’s who deserve acknowledgment for their work through a wage increase. Mark will still not be able to disperse the allotted funds among the entire staff if he takes the procedures recommended by Aaron, the company controller. At Mark’s meeting, Aaron highlighted a couple of ways the store could save money which would allow for some kind of wage increase. Although the increase would not be a lot, it would be a glimmering light for a chance of a change in the right direction when it comes to wage increases. There were a couple of things that the store was spending money on that would allow certain employees to receive a wage increase. Possible ways the store could save money is by removing some ineffective advertisements, and reducing the size of their inventory. But the store could use some better equipment to save it from theft issues. The store could use a better security system since it seems as if customers or the employee’s are stealing items from the store. Employees are frustrated with the way the store has handled their wage increases and are now stealing from it. Employees have lost their morale and loyalty to the company and Mark needs to figure out how to get it back on track with the possibility of there not being another wage increase for the 3rd consecutive year. Articulation of the Issues There are various issues that need to be addressed by store manager Mark. The first issue that needs to be addressed is trying to figure out how to increase his staff’s commitment to the organization. As stated many employees are calling out sick when they are not and this is costing the store money. The workers are beginning to feel that there is no chance of growth at this job and they should start looking for a new job with growth opportunities. This lack of commitment has led the staff to not care about the success of the store, therefore their productivity has decreased. The insufficient feeling of commitment to the organization has also led to an increase in absenteeism in the workplace. The need for commitment at this site means that workers will not attend to the customer needs as their training has taught them to do so. Since workers are being properly trained, their commitment to the organization is not a matter of having the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the tasks they are being asked to do; there has to be a different issue. The lack of worker commitment in this situation is due to the zero wage increase the staff has been asked to endure for the past 2 years and there is also a chance of there being a third year with the same wage. Another issue Mark faces is trying to maintain his employee’s motivation and morale while there is a zero wage increase. Wesley, a yard foreman for eight years, believes that there are some employees who do not have the skills needed to understand how everything should flow in the workplace. Wesley states that â€Å"There are employee’s who have been here for five years who can’t do that (understand how everything should flow together). † When Wesley states this he is comparing other workers to one of his most highly motivated employees Kyle, who has been on the job for about two months. This comparison is not fair to the other employee’s because they have been with the organization longer than Kyle and have not been acknowledged for some of their work which has lead to a tremendous decrease in productivity. Employees at this particular site need to be acknowledged with a pay increase, a simple â€Å"good job† will not do the job, especially if a manager expects that â€Å"good job† to maintain employee satisfaction and motivation through two years of a zero wage increase. Although there are other actions managers can do in terms of rewards for events such as â€Å"employee of the month† in which a particular employee is rewarded; this can help keep employee motivation and morale up. Therefore, Kyle as a new hire is experiencing high levels of motivation and productivity throughout his first months of being hired and does not understand what it is like to not be acknowledged for their hard work. Another concern management should be worried about is if they are hiring the right employees for the job. It seems as though they are hiring individuals who do not have the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the task they are being asked to perform. Some employee’s do not seem to be bothered by the fact that there is not a pay increase because they still maintain high productivity. While other employee’s struggle to establish the flow of the work environment; which can be causing a decrease in work satisfaction. This can be a question of their knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the job at hand. Wesley, a backyard foremen for eight years, is highly respect by the store manager, Mark, and he has not seen a pay raise for the same amount of time that others have not but still maintains high productivity. While there are other workers who have been around the job just as long as he has and not been able to establish an understanding for how things work around the place. The other issue that needs to be addressed is the disbursement of the money that would be saved from removing ineffective advertisements and reducing inventory. If management fails to establish a proper disbursement plan then there will be a sense of inequality in the workplace. This can create a backlash and negatively affect the issues management is already facing by intensifying them. Such as those workers who are at the lower end of the wage increase will continue their incompetency in the workplace while being even more disruptive than they were before. The manager is also concerned about some of the staff possibly sneaking away with some store items in order to compensate for their halted wage increase. By giving some employees a higher raise than others, management will be installing a sense of inequality, which will consecutively lead to staff members not being loyal to their organization; which will subsequently lead to an increase in the number of â€Å"missing† items. Analysis of the Problem/ Issues Commitment, defined by Meyer and Herscovitch (2001), is a force that binds a person to a course of action that is relevant to a particular target. In this case, Mark is trying to figure out a way to bind his employees to his organization in order to increase their commitment to the store. Thus, commitment is a powerful source of motivation and with its presence can decrease employee turnover and absenteeism. Commitment is important because is affect a person’s willingness to remain in the organization and to continue to set and commit to high organizationally relevant goals (Meyer Herscovitch, 2001). Mark’s employee’s who lacked organization commitment were not trying to achieve their organization’s goals in customer satisfaction. As workers gossiped about the latest news, customers were left to answer their own questions about products. As stated by Latham (2011), specific high goals do lead to high performance. High performance on enriched tasks often leads to high rewards, which, in turn, promote satisfaction, which subsequently encourages commitment to the organization. This theory can be applied to Mark’s furniture store because his employees are not demonstrating high organizational commitment, due to the face that they are not satisfied with how they are being acknowledged for their work. The expectancy theory may also be applied in this situation. Employees at this store believe that their efforts will not have any significant outcome has led their motivation to be productive decline. Thus, Mark’s employees have stopped putting effort into their daily tasks, leaving Mark and his employees at a stalemate. Therefore the store is at fault for the poor worker performance and now Mark is facing the issue of who should receive a wage increase based on performance. For some of these workers, there is a possibility that this is not their first job. Having had other job opportunities, employees may have seen a wage increase of a couple of cents depending on the organization one may work for as a form of acknowledgement for their work. Bandura (1977) states that incentives can be used coercively, for example â€Å"you will not get money until you do x, this is in recognition of your doing y† or â€Å"this is what this performance is worth to us. † Not rewarding behavior after it has been rewarded consistently functions as a punisher that reduces performance. Therefore, the staff that has been with the organization for years or long enough to not be rewarded for their work feel as if they are being punished for not being rewarded with some kind of wage increase. Thus, new employees such as Kyle who seem to be hard workers for the first couple of months of employment will soon realize that his new job is not providing him with any opportunities of growth. Mark is going to face a difficult challenge of trying to maintain employee motivation if he decides to only give a select few employees a raise. How can it be that a recently hired employee such as Kyle can maneuver a machine at work while someone who has been with the organization for 5 years does not know how? Employees at this store are not capable of completing some of the tasks they are being asked to do such as maneuvering a forklift. As stated by Cable and DeRue (2002), employees typically differentiate between two varieties of person- environment fit: (1) â€Å"needs- supplies,† in which an employee’s values are met by the work environment and (2) job demands- abilities in which, a person’s abilities are compatible with what the job requires. If the job demands do not correspond to an individual’s abilities their job satisfaction can be affected and in turn affect their performance and productivity on the job because they would not be able to perform tasks required of job. Thus, if employees do not have the abilities required to perform some of the tasks required of the job they will not be able to grow with the organization. Mark‘s ultimate issues is trying to figure out how to distribute the very little money the store will be saving from removing ineffective advertisements and reducing the size of the store’s inventory. Mark could not wait to distribute the money, but he was having difficulties trying to decide who should receive the wage increase. If Mark distributes the money his store is saving unequally amongst his employee’s it will backlash and he will have employees who are even more dissatisfied than they were before. Having a sense of equity is an important aspect to an individual in the workplace because allows them to have a sense of respect. The equity theory states that unequal ratios produce tension within the person, this tension can be alleviated by increasing/decrease effort or quality of one’s performance, leaving/quitting the situation, or not comparing the self to others (Adams, 1963). If Mark were to institute a distribution that favored some employee’s over others, he will have some explaining to do in order to get the employee’s in the lower end of distribution plan from losing all of their morale and motivation to continue at this organization. Suggested Alternatives and Solutions There are various ways that store owner Mark could go about increasing his employee’s commitment to the organization. Increasing employee commitment to the organization where a raise is not possible can be established by allowing employees to identify themselves with the organization’s goals or mission which would in turn pride in and defense of the organization. The store can ask customers to rate their satisfaction and other categories about their visit to the store; which can motivate employee’s to want to be productive at work because of the high ratings they would like to receive. Another way to increase worker commitment is to allow workers to complain. By allowing workers to complain, the managers and store owners can make changes to the organization and employees can see their changes improve the workplace. At this furniture store, Mark is having a difficult time trying to maintain his employee’s morale and motivation high enough to keep his employees productive. To help maintain employee morale and motivation without a pay increase, Mark should install an â€Å"employee of the month† program. The winner of this program can receive gifts or rewards such as free movie tickets or a gift certificate as well as their photo framed and put on an â€Å"employee of the month† wall. This would allow for Mark’s employees to feel recognized for their work, even though the store is facing a difficult time giving everyone a pay raise. Another way to increase employee motivation and morale at work is to install a buddy program. What this buddy program would consist of is building relationships amongst employees which would make going to work interesting to them. This can increase motivation by building camaraderie and not wanting to let your fellow workers down. Another concern Mark is facing is the possibility of hiring staff members who are not capable of completing some of the tasks at work because they lack the knowledge, skills, and abilities to do so. Employees, who have been with the organization for many years, do not know how to work some of the equipment employees like the newly hired Kyle do. This seems to be due to a lack of training employees are receiving when it comes to certain equipment required to use on the job. In order to improve this situation Mark may want to pair up individuals to help teach others how to use certain equipment. By training having other employees train staff members, Mark will not have to spend any of the store money to hire someone to train members. Also, in training individuals, employees will gain a sense of growth because they will now have the ability to perform a task that they were once not capable of performing. This positive sense of growth can influence an employee’s overall level of satisfaction and sequentially improve their productivity while on the job. Mark is also facing the issue of who he should give a wage increase to with the very little money he would be saving from cutting down on expenses. The solution to this problem is to give raises to those employees he believes deserve a pay increase, while keeping it very confidential. Employees should not be telling other employees how much they are making on the job, this can only cause problems. Installing a performance appraisal may also be a more proper way of determining who would receive the wage increase. However, employees would have to exceed a specific performance appraisal score in order to receive the raise. Although all of the money he is saving from the expenses does not have to go towards wage increase he can put some of that money towards the rewards the â€Å"employee of the month† would receive. Therefore, Mark is going to face many difficulties when he is forced to tell his employees that not everyone will be eligible to receive a pay raise. Difficulties such as how he is going to keep his employees motivated to show up to work will have to be solved without giving employee’s a wage increase. Thus, Mark is going to have to install programs in his store that would maintain employee job satisfaction and motivation, while not going over his store’s budget. Mark is also going to have to train his employees on how to use some of the equipment required of them at work in order to increase their job satisfaction. Hence, this store will need to increase its revenue in the future if it really wants to see satisfied employees. References Adams, J. Stacey (1963), â€Å"Toward an understanding of inequity†,  Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 7, pp. 422-436. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cable, D. M. , DeRue, D. S. (2002). The convergent and discriminate validity of subjective fit perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 875– 884 Latham, G. P. (2011). Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research, and Practice. 2nd edition Sage. MacMillan, K. (2011). A zero wage increase again? Meyer, J. P. H erscovitch, L. 2001, â€Å"Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model†,Human Resource Management Review, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 299-326. How to cite Employment, Essay examples Employment Free Essays In legal terms, during the later portion of the nineteenth century, â€Å"at will† termination, whether initiated by employer or employee, came into focus in the United States. Simply because a person desires to disassociate oneself with the business, whatever it is, for whatever reason, whenever one chooses, is fine and acceptable. This doctrine exists because it is presumed to exhibit and respect freedom from contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Employment or any similar topic only for you Order Now It applies to the all of â€Å"U. S† except the state of Montana primarily because of the belief that employee and employer prefers employment relationship to be â€Å"At Will† instead of Job security (NCSC, 2014). In the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments and common sense; and have no other preliminaries to settle with the reader, other than that he will divest himself of prejudice and prepossession, and suffer his reason and his feelings to determine for themselves; that he will put on, or rather that he will not put off, the true character of a man, and generously enlarge his views beyond the present day-? Thomas Paine, Common Sense† (Paine, 1779), (Grotto, 1995). In other words we can debate claims and notions that employment-at-will is all about exacting a contract of redeem and respect, but, wholeheartedly agree, truthfully, that the optimistic picture of equality and freedom is tainted by the continuing subordination and discrimination imposed primarily by employers. Summarization: Employment – At – Will Doctrine The employment-at-will doctrine avows that, when an employee does not have a written employment contract and the term of employment is of indefinite duration, the employer can terminate the employee for good cause, bad cause, or no cause at all (Mull, 2001). The genesis of this ill-fated relationship began to taking shape when employees started to unionize work efforts and initiatives, albeit for a good cause; employees were at the mercy of employer discretion. The sass gave employees a voice to dispel wrongful actions perpetrated against them, whether it was wrongful discharge based on race, religion, sex, age, and national origin, certain Federal legislative protections, and Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was available to defend. (Mull, 2001). Allowable Exceptions to Legally Fire. The recognition of employment as being central to a person’s livelihood and well-being, coupled with the fear of being unable to rotate a person’s livelihood from unjust termination, led to the development of common-law, or Judicial, exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine beginning in the late sass. † (Mull, 2001) Much of what was contained in the original employment-at-will doctrine developed exceptions that did not fully m aterialize until the sass. However, have since become subject to erosive statutory and common-law protections all levied against wrongful discharge actions taken by an employer. In certain instances, the â€Å"at-will† dismissal of an employee by his or her employer is halted. There are three established exceptions widely upheld. The first of these is public- policy exception, under which, wrongful discharge is factual if an employee is terminated because he or she files a workers’ compensation claim following a Job related injury, or say the employee is expected to break the law based on an employer’s request. These acts infringe upon adopted public policy of the particular state. The first case was held in 1959, in California, involving the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and an employee fired because he refused to perjure testimony under oath, as requested. Courts struggled then and continue so, with the meaning of public policy. Some courts in various states found the term â€Å"public policy’ vague. The definition differs; limits may include exclusion to clearly defined statements in the constitution or statues, or â€Å"public policy is defined to allow Judges rights to determine it a state’s public policy locally or beyond. Secondly, when terms agreeable to an employer and an employee exchange verbal or written in some form to express terms of security or other procedures, it constitutes an implied contract exception. The employer through conversation and planning implied that if certain actions are carried out then you will remain here or etc. A common occurrence in the recent past was courts finding that the contents and representations made in employee handbooks could create an implied contract, absent a clear and express waiver that the guidelines and policies in such did not create contract rights. Mull, 2001) â€Å"The third exception is titled covenant-of-good- and-fair-dealing exception. Rather than narrowly prohibiting terminations based on public policy or an implied contract, this exception-?at its broadest-?reads a event of good faith and fair dealing into every employment relationship. â€Å"(Mull, 2001). A termination may become subject to interpretations. An employer’s decisions motivated by malice are not permissible; done so in bad faith, and thus subject to answering a charge to show â€Å"Just cause†. By 2001, this exception was only recognized by eleven states. Decision and Reasoning to Limit Liability and Impact Operations. Granted when an employee is â€Å"off duty’, on his own time, the doctrine offers protection that disallows termination, for what is perceived as unlawful engagement into activities. But, there is an exception to this ruling as well. It states that an employer can basically dictate what activity lawful is and what is not, when it is reasonable related to employment and responsibilities (NCSC, 2014). Therefore, both John and Ellen committed acts worthy of termination when they violated the statue as defined, John, by posting a rant against an important company customer, and Ellen, when she began a blob that protested the Coo’s bonus. Retaliation provides that employees may engage in proper, legal, necessary, or desirable activity without being fired in retaliation by their employer (NCSC, 2014). Neither Jim in his email soliciting support of others to protest a situation involving a perceived injustice, nor the accounting department secretaries physical stance in protest against a perceived injustice have legal grounding for terminations. In defense of the employer, Employment-At-Will Doctrine holds no exception that can prevent the company employing Bill from effecting his termination. Joe, having threatened the company with suit for invasion of his privacy is not protected against wrongful discharge under the common law exception of public-policy. The exception allows effusing to break the law at the request of the employer, Joe instead was disciplined for use of company property, to discredit a customer, albeit from his personal account, he also used company time. Joe received the lesser of what could have resulted in Justifiable termination. On the other hand, the department supervisor is covered under this common law exception of public-policy. To terminate this person the company is poised for legal liability actions. Anna did not choose to participate on a Jury team, she was appointed to do so by the courts. The common law exception f public policy offers Anna protection against termination from employment during her absence for Jury duty; her boss has no choice in the matter except to comply. Position Recommendation; Pros and Cons of Whistle Blower Policy â€Å"Whistle blowing is the terminology that defines the actions of organization employees to bring attention to the wrongdoings happening in the organization. A whistle blowing policy by an organization is a step by the higher level management to keep account of all the happenings in its organization which can possibly cause harm to the organizations. It has become extremely important for large-scale organization to have a whistle blowing policy because it is almost impossible for them to be aware of the complete happening at all levels of their organization. (Dolomite, 2012) In any organization it is imperative to have in place a mechanism by which all know negative matters can and will be resolved. The basic mechanics are already established; the organization is Just fine tuning it for ownership. It should be simple, easy to follow, and ably proven highly effective. Ethical Theory supports willingness to get involve d or the greater good of the largest population (Halberd Inguinal, 2012). Based on that greater good recommendation is that: the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) form a roundtable steering group comprised of level one, two, and three management and leadership staff to draft a whistle blower policy that, is concise with clear written instructions easily understood, and ensures not a lengthy process (Halberd Inguinal, 2012) will develop a training program; help employees accept the process and understand it is not about tattling, but more so, building an organizational inundation where each is holding the other accountable (Halberd Inguinal, 2012) defines the procedures through which an individual will report; develop strict response times for investigation and resolution (Halberd Inguinal, 2012) The CEO has the burden to set an environment that invites a high level of integrity, accountability, and transparency. When the drafts have gone through legal for lawful compliance review, the CEO and the steering group should hold information sitting for all employ ees to introduce the new Whistle Blower Policy as a fresh start for all toward ethical, relational, and success values. Further recommend considerations to create a position that oversees training, compliance, reporting, and resolution. Finally, recommend the CEO become visible and canvas the different areas, inquire to come to know the people, to invite genuine feedback, find out what is going on, where are issues of concerns. The CEO will do well to focus attention to follow-through on any issues shared while out among workers, and to stay abreast of actions pursued by the steering group; make certain they are addressed as the policy is developed. Fundamentals and Rationale of a Whistle Blower Policy. There are critical elements that ensure proper follow-through of any claim from a whistler’s. Integrity is the key of what is disclosed, to who disclosed, and the method that address the issue presented. This policy is instituted to assist those who choose to question what does not appear correct and in accordance with known practice. The first of three fundamental elements critical to assurance of a Whistle Blower Policy effectiveness provides that, where an individual discloses in good faith, not for malicious or for personal gain, some indiscretion of public interest, they are retorted from factorization, harassment or disciplinary action. Secondly, the issue disclosed will be thoroughly investigated to include interviews of all persons involved. Third, every effort is made to protect the identity of the individual making the disclosure. How to cite Employment, Papers